6.1 Substance

Fundamentality: The One and the Many

Monism

Thales of Miletus

Pluralism

Atomism in Indian Philosophy

Ontological Perspectives on Substance

Naturalism

The Allegory of the Cave

Plato's Notion of Substance and Form

Aristotle on Matter and Form

6.2 Self and Identity

The Ship of Theseus

Judeo-Christian Views of Self

Hindu and Buddhist Views of Self

Brahman

The Doctrine of Dependent Origination

The Buddhist Doctrine of No Self (Anatman)

Suffering and Liberation

The Five Aggregates

Secular Notions of Self

Bundle Theory

Anthropological Views

The Mind as Self

Physicalism

John Locke and Identity

The Problem of Consciousness

Rene Descartes and Dualism

Behaviorism

6.3 Cosmology and the Existence of God

Teleological Arguments for God

Aquinas's Design Argument

Design Arguments in Biology

Moral Arguments for God

The Ontological Argument for God

Hindu Cosmology

Maintenance of the Law of Karma

Physical World as Manifestation of Divine Consciousness

Hindu Arguments Against the Existence of God

Problem of Evil

The Logical Problem of Evil

The Evidential Problem of Evil

Western Theistic Responses to the Problem of Evil

An African Perspective on the Problem of Evil

6.4 Free Will

Defining Freedom

The Ability to Do Otherwise

The Ability to Do as One Wants

Libertarianism

Determinism

Causal Closure of the Physical World

Causal Determinacy of the Past