12.1 Enlightenment Social Theory

Rationalism and Empiricism

Kant and Ethical Progress

Comte's Positivism

Du Bois and Empirical Sociology

12.2 The Marxist Solution

Hegel's Dialectic Method

Marx's Dialectical Materialism and the Proletariat Revolution

Revolutionary Movements of the 20th Century

Lenin's Imperialism

Mao's Reframing

Cultural Revolution and Reeducation

12.3 Continental Philosophy's Challenge to Enlightenment Theories

Hermeneutics

Historicity

Reception and Interpretation

Ricoeur's Narrative Accounts of Self and Society

Phenomenology

Phenomenology and Reality

Phenomenology and Ethics

Existentialism

12.4 The Frankfurt School

The Formation of a Critical Theory

Critique of the Enlightenment Concept of Knowledge

Horkheimer's Rejection of the Primacy of Reason

Benjamin's Disruption of the Status Quo

The Revision of the Marxist Dialectic

Jurgen Habermas's Communicative Action

Paulo Freire's Critical Pedagogy

12.5 Postmodernism

Structuralism and Post-structuralism

Freud's Structuralism in Psychology

Post-structuralist and Feminist Critiques of Psychoanalysis

Ferdinand de Saussure and the Structure of Linguistics

Wittgenstein and the Linguistic Turn

Key Post-structuralist Ideas about Self and Text

Deconstruction

Deconstruction is Auto-deconstruction

Ethics in Post-structuralism

Nietzsche's Genealogy

Foucault on Power and Knowledge

Political Movements Informed by Critical Theory

Critical Race Theory

Radical Democracy