Chapter 9 — Normative Moral Theory
9.1 Requirements of a Normative Moral Theory
9.2 Consequentialism
Higher and Lower Pleasures
The Greatest Happiness Principle
Act vs. Rule Utilitarianism
Character and Intent in Utilitarianism
9.3 Deontology
Good Will
Human Reason and Morality
Moral Laws
Hypothetical Imperatives
Categorical Imperative
Pluralism
William David Ross
Competing Duties
Prima Facie Duties
Resolving Conflicts between Duties
The Role of Judgment
9.4 Virtue Ethics
Confucianism
Confucius
Relational Aspect of Virtue
Ritual and Ren
Junzi and Self-Perfection
The Ethical Ruler
Japanese Confucianism
Aristotelianism
Human Flourishing as the Goal of Human Action
Deliberation, Practical Wisdom, and Character
The Role of Habit
Social Relationships and Friendship
Friendship
9.5 Daoism
The Dao
Properties
Naturalism
Skepticism, Inclusion, and Acceptance
Paradox and Puzzles
Wu Wei
Attitude toward the Dao
Receptivity and "Softness"
Daoist, Mohist, and Confucian Ethics
9.6 Feminist Theories of Ethics
Historical Critique
The Concept of the Feminine
Gender Binarism and Essentialism
Ethics of Care
The Caring Relation as an Ethical Paradigm
Nel Noddings on Caring
Intersectionality
Development of Alternative Normative Moral Frameworks